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By Greg Ahuy – April 8, 2021

In this article, we will take a look at the risk allocation under the PPA.

In the previous article on the PPA, we focused on energy sales under the PPA, and briefly reviewed the obligations of the off-taker and energy seller concerning the energy sales.

The off-taker has an obligation to purchase the committed energy production during the term of the PPA.

While the energy seller has an obligation of generating and delivering the committed energy production.

The energy purchase and sale are the main obligations of the off-taker and energy seller.

The PPA, however, includes additional obligations apart from energy purchase and sale, especially for the energy seller.

Since the project will be built from scratch, the energy seller will also be responsible for obtaining all necessary permits and land for the project.

Sometimes, this obligation related to permits and land can be shared with the off-taker, especially in emerging markets, where the off-taker is usually a government-owned entity.

Next, the energy seller is responsible for arranging financing, construction, and operation of the project, including the construction of interconnection facilities.

Note that such events as getting all necessary permits, reaching financial close, starting and ending construction, and beginning operations will be defined as project milestones in the PPA and will have specific dates. Failing to achieve these milestones will, typically, result in the default of the PPA with important negative consequences for the energy seller.

Energy seller is obliged to maintain necessary performance guarantees and insurance policies during the construction and operation of the project.

The obligation of the parties under the PPA, create and allocate the project risks between the parties.

For example, since it is the obligation of the off-taker to purchase the committed energy production during the term of the PPA, the off-taker takes the energy price and volume risks.

The price risk is the risk that energy prices may be lower in the future than the PPA fixed price.

Volume risk is the risk that the energy bought under the PPA may not be necessary, however, the off-taker has to, still, pay the energy seller.

In addition to the price and volume risk, in emerging markets, the off-taker takes the risk of adverse currency movements, political and regulatory risks and the risks arising out of Force Majeure Events.

When it comes to the risks allocated to the energy seller, they include risk associated with construction, operation performance, energy delivery risk, and resource variability risk.

Since both the off-taker and the energy seller take on significant risk under the PPA, each party wants the other to be creditworthy.

Typically, in the developed markets, the off-taker is an investment-grade utility, which is sufficient to mitigate the counterparty risk.

While for the off-taker in the emerging markets, various credit enhancing mechanisms may be available such as sovereign guarantees from the government, partial risk guarantees, and political risk insurance.

Energy seller is required to post a performance bond to enhance its creditworthiness, which comes, typically, in the form of a letter of credits or bank guarantees.

Sponsor support agreement, which represents guarantees from the seller’s equity investors, may also be required. These are guarantees that additional funding will be provided by the investors in case there is a funding shortfall, for example, due to construction costs overruns.

Seller is also required to set up and maintain a security cash fund, that the off-taker can draw on to cover the penalties payable by the energy seller.

And, finally, the energy seller is required to acquire and maintain appropriate insurance during the construction and operation of the project.

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Credit cards come with multiple benefits,not the least of which are smooth and fast transactions, anytime and anywhere. There are a few things you can do to avoid paying a high bill at the end of the month. There are some easily avoidable mistakes that can help you get the most of your credit card. Here’s a look.

1.   Apply for the right type of credit card

If you are using a card that charges a high interest rate, consider doing some research on the types of credit cardsto find one that offers better rates. You could also consider transferring your credit card debt to a balance-transfer card, which tends to have a lower rate for a certain period. You may also opt for a 0% APR (annual percentage rate) card to avoid interest charges by paying off your balance during the introductory period. Save up the major expenses for emergencies. Also, check which card fulfils your needs the best, rather than choosing a card with multiple offers you will never use.

2.   Pay your bills on time

Always pay off your credit card bills within the interest-free grace period.Leaving bills unpaid will lead to late payment fees with interest charges, as per the APR. Also, paying these bills on time is great for your credit score. A history of timely payments will raise your credit score, which will make you eligible for various other types of benefits, such as easy loan approval.

3.   Avoid saving your card information on shopping sites

While e-commerce has made life much easier, saving all your credit card information on shopping sites could make you vulnerable to cyber threats. You never know, not keeping your card details so easily accessible might also prevent you from giving in too easily to the temptation of shopping on non-essentials. This could even help you save money.

4.   Utilise the benefits of credit cards

Make sure to check for all the advantages of your credit card,such as reward points, discounts and offers. Keep track of your reward points and redeem them for vouchers and gift cards or, if your card offers, real airline miles. This way, you get to benefit from great savings, while staying within your credit limit. Besides, offers like cashbacks or extra credit points can go a long way in reducing your regular expenses.

5.   Choose EMI payments

Whenever you need to buy a big ticket item, such as a fridge or television, check out whether you can buy via EMI payments. This will help you stay within your credit card limit and avoid a big bill at the end of the month.

Carefully read all the terms and conditions before applying for a credit card. Learn about the applicable charges and see how you can avoid incurring them to enjoy the maximum benefits of your credit card.

There are numerous portrayals of the standards of bitcoin blenders activity on the organization. Yet the majority of them are intended for crypto-bricklayers not lower than the subsequent degree. In this content, we will attempt to inform as essentially as conceivable concerning what bitcoin blenders are. You will discover the reason they are required, how they work and where to discover them.

Summarizing Client Remarks

The BitMix bitcoin mixing service has gained its place among the highest points of Bitcoin blenders. Their administrations give total obscurity to the clients. Numerous clients utilize pure digital money to buy restricted merchandise. BitMix is a platform intended for anonymization. Using this service, you can make your exchanges on the Bitcoin network as anonymous as could really be expected.

Each exchange on the organization will likewise be connected to a client. This is conceivable because of the exposure and permanence of tasks. Bitcoin tumbler (or Bitcoin blender) serves to anonymize any exchange by removing the association with the individual. These administrations work by gathering coins from various gatherings who wish to utilize their assets namelessly.

Is Blending Coins Legitimate?

By and large, the lawful status of bitcoin is an intriguing subject. Every nation has its own principles, however so far in many nations, advanced resources are very lawful. Despite the fact that they are attempting to restrict and control their utilization. You can find out about the lawful status of bitcoin in various nations of the world.

In case you live in a country where exchanges in digital money are not gladly received, make certain to utilize blenders to shroud your exchange history. It is a great way to do your transactions while feeling safe and protected. No one will have the possibility to see your history on the web.

Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) doesn’t always pick the most obvious victim. Realistically anyone could fall victim to a cardiac arrest. It doesn’t matter how young and fit they may seem, SCA can strike anyone, anywhere, any time. Which is why Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) are so important.

When someone goes into cardiac arrest, time is of the essence, and Greg Page, the original Yellow Wiggle, knows this firsthand. When Greg suffered Sudden Cardiac Arrest last year, he was one of the lucky ones who survived. Why? Because the people around him knew exactly what to do in order to save his life – that was to call 000, start CPR immediately and use an AED. Greg now knows just how crucial early action and the use of AED’s is, when it comes to someone experiencing sudden cardiac arrest. He wants everyone to have a fighting chance just like he did, and the best way for others to have that chance is to inform other businesses of the need for AEDs.

Automated External Defibrillators are a vital link in the Chain of Survival and the more of them that are out in the community and in workplaces, the more lives that will be saved, just like Greg’s was. Defibrillation allows the heart to be restarted if it can be, which means it will continue to beat on its own without the need for CPR to continue.

Greg was lucky that the people around him knew exactly what to do in that situation, but not everyone is that lucky. Which is why he wants to get the message out to other businesses, that it is crucial to have access to an AED. Studies have shown that the sooner defibrillation can occur after Sudden Cardiac Arrest, the higher chance that person has of surviving and surviving with less damage to their brain, heart, lungs and kidneys. This is important not just for the patient’s quality of life after cardiac arrest, but it also helps to reduce health costs to the community.

If your business doesn’t have rapid access to an AED, where are you going to get one from if sudden cardiac arrest occurs? Ambulance responses times on average are between 8-12 minutes, sometimes longer. So, if you are relying on the paramedics to deliver a possible lifesaving shock, it might be too late. It doesn’t have to be that way; you can empower your business and your staff with the tools they need to save a life.

For a lot of small businesses, the costs of purchasing an AED is a barrier to their access to this life-saving piece of equipment. That’s why a financing option may suit some SMEs, instead of an outright purchase. Just as you purchase insurance hoping you’ll never need to use it; the same thought process surrounds AEDs. You hope you never need to use it, but if you do, then you’ll be glad you had it on hand at the time – somebody’s life may depend on it, and it could easily be mine or yours, just like it was Greg’s.

If someone does go into cardiac arrest and you don’t have access to the final link in the chain of survival, an AED is that one link that might make all the difference. Every single business should seriously consider purchasing an AED so that you can be prepared for the unexpected and do all you possibly can to plan for sudden cardiac arrest.  An investment in an AED is an investment in the potential to save a life.

A shelf corporation allows your business to appear much trustworthy, the clients and suppliers are possibly to have higher confidence in businesses having long and successful operating history. With the ability to simply establish the business relationships with the banks, suppliers and banking institutions are usually at top of list while looking to buy the shelf company. The Shelf Companies already have been set up accurately and the simple modification of company officers is only required to transfer the ownership. Read below the list of advantages:

Acquire new suppliers and contracts

The Shelf company is already registered with the Companies House and hence they already have a history. People can access website of Companies House to see when the company was registered and hence see the permanency of company.

How does a shelf company assist the Suppliers and Contracts?

While starting the business venture it may be quite difficult to secure the contracts as you get classed with the new start up. There are industries and government authorities that insist the company to get registered for specific amount of time prior to allowing tenders. Thus, a company having a history would be enormously beneficial in such circumstances.

It may be a great challenge to acquire trust from the suppliers because of the company getting registered recently.  However, a shelf company having the history at the Companies House will also definitely promote a much professional image and hence they may appear to be much trust worthy.

It becomes easy for business banking

Banking is known to be essential and significant part of routine running of the company. Any company that need professional image must have the bank account of business.

How do a shelf company assist to have a Bank Account?

While approaching to the bank for a business account, business loan or for a credit card, it is always more encouraging to approve for an aged company as compared to a company which is recently registered.

Banks may also be persuaded to check that the investments are made with an aged company is always a safe option as compared with the newly registered company with Companies House.

Enhances the confidence of new client with the business history

The business requires clients and the clients that have confidence in business generally are a crucial part of overall success of company.

Shelf company boost Confidence of Client

Research usually shows that the clients such as companies that may show durability as they provide an impression of getting trustworthy and offer confidence the business will experience in their specific field. Here, the shelf company will also give an impression that a company was around longer and hence give the client with great confidence for doing the business.

Many companies promote the anniversaries of the business to show the significance of being around for long time, new companies unluckily do not give similar kind of impression and clients also are less possible to have trust and faith in these companies.

Shelf Companies helps to Save time

Yes, as compared to the company that is developed from scratch it is always a better option to have a shelf company which is also known as an aged corporation. While staring the business venture is definitely a great deal to think as we as time-consuming duties that you need to complete. Rather, it should be really easy and hassle free to set up a new company.

Now, the question that might strike your mind is how can an aged company or a shelf company assist to save your time? If a company is already pre-registered at the Companies House and hence changing or modifying the details of an officer is only requirement. Modifying the details of an officer may also be done electronically and this may take some hours, that is anyways quicker than average 24 hours for registering the new company.

With this, you will definitely have the confidence that a company has been already set up appropriately by the expert.

You may also start trading with a company in just some hours of purchase, thereby helping you to think less.

Can we change the name of an Aged or shelf company?

All the companies have an option to modify their name at any point of time if the name is not earlier registered with company House.  However, the request of name change of the shelf company could be electronically submitted and this might just take a few hours.